Reilly, James M. The Albumen &
Salted Paper Book: The history and practice of photographic
printing, 1840-1895. Light Impressions Corporation.
Rochester, 1980.
| Chapter One:
|
| Basic Principles
| 1
|
| Printing with Silver Salts
| 1
|
| Printing-Out Papers
| 1
|
| Classification of Printing-Out Papers
| 2
|
| Characteristics of Printing-Out Papers
| 3
|
| Silver Chloride
| 3
|
| The Role of Organic Binders
| 4
|
| Relating Theory to Practice
| 5
|
| Chapter Two:
|
| Working Environment,
Equipment and Materials
| 7
|
| Work Areas
| 7
|
| The "Wet" Area
| 7
|
| The "Dry" Area, or Printing Room
| 8
|
| Equipment
| 9
|
| Laboratory Balance
| 9
|
| Measuring and Mixing Containers
| 9
|
| Trays
| 9
|
| Printing Frames
| 10
|
| Paper
| 11
|
| Binder Materials Used in Printing Papers
| 12
|
| Albumen
| 12
|
| Gelatin
| 13
|
| Starches
| 14
|
| Resins
| 14
|
|
|
| Chapter Three:
|
| Salted Papers
| 15
|
| Photographic Printing Before 1850
| 15
|
| Plain Salted Paper
| 16
|
| Floating the Paper on the Salting Solution
| 17
|
| Contrast Control in Salted Papers
| 20
|
| Arrowroot Papers
| 21
|
| Preparation of Arrowroot Papers
| 22
|
| Coating of Papers with Arrowroot Salting Solution
| 22
|
| Resume of Processing Steps for Albumen and Salted
Papers
| 23
|
| Step 1 Initial Wash
| 23
|
| Step 2 Toning
| 23
|
| Step 3 Wash Before Fixing
| 24
|
| Step 4 Fixing
| 24
|
| Step 5 Wash Before Hypo Clearing Treatment
| 24
|
| Step 6 Treatment with a Hypo Clearing Agent
| 25
|
| Step 7 Final Wash
| 25
|
| Step 8 Drying
| 25
|
| Chapter Four:
|
| Albumen Paper
| 27
|
| The Early History of Albumen Paper
| 27
|
| Invention of the Albumen Printing Process
| 28
|
| Preparation of the Albumen Solution
| 34
|
| Coating Paper with Albumen
| 36
|
| Double Coating of Albumen Paper
| 39
|
| Sensitizing Albumen Paper
| 40
|
| Ammonia Fuming
| 40
|
| Printing and Processing Albumen Paper
| 42
|
| Toning Albumen Paper
| 43
|
| Fixation, Washing and Drying of Albumen Paper
| 44
|
| Chapter Five:
|
| Alternative and Hybrid
Papers
| 47
|
| Resin Papers
| 50
|
| Resin-Arrowroot Paper
| 50
|
| Matte Albumen Paper
| 51
|
| Preparation of Matte Albumen Paper
| 52
|
|
|
| Chapter Six:
|
| Sensitization
| 55
|
| Composition of the Sensitizing Solution
| 56
|
| Techniques of Sensitization
| 57
|
| The Floatation Method of Sensitization
| 57
|
| Brush Sensitization
| 58
|
| Exhaustion of the Silver Solution
| 59
|
| Decolorizing the Silver Solution
| 61
|
| Preserving Sensitized Paper
| 62
|
| Techniques for Preserving Sensitized Albumen and
Salted Papers
| 63
|
| Ammonia and Other Additives to the Silver Bath
| 64
|
| Reclamation of Silver Wastes
| 64
|
| Chapter Seven:
|
| Tone Reproduction and
Print Exposure
| 67
|
| Characteristics Required in Negatives for Albumen
and Salted Paper Printing
| 68
|
| Effect of Binder Materials on Tone Reproduction
| 68
|
| Using a Gray Scale to Measure Gradation and
Contrast
| 69
|
| Print Exposure
| 70
|
| Effect of the Light Source on Print Contrast
| 72
|
| Exposure Time
| 73
|
| Some Precautions in Printing
| 73
|
| A Note on Printing Historical Negatives
| 74
|
| Chapter Eight:
|
| Toning
| 75
|
| History of Toning Methods
| 75
|
| Heat Toning
| 75
|
| Sulfur Toning
| 75
|
| Gold Toning
| 76
|
| Theory of Noble Metal Toning
| 78
|
| The Practice of Gold Toning
| 79
|
| Gold Chloride
| 79
|
| Strength of the Gold Toning Solution
| 80
|
| Gold Toner Formulae
| 80
|
| Platinum Toning
| 81
|
| History of Platinum Toning
| 81
|
| The Practice of Platinum Toning
| 81
|
| Chapter Nine:
|
| Fixation and Washing
| 83
|
| Theory of the Fixation Process
| 83
|
| History of Fixation with Thiosulfates
| 84
|
| Chemical Reactions Involved in Fixation
| 84
|
| The Practice of Fixation
| 85
|
| Fixer Exhaustion
| 85
|
| Color Changes During Fixation
| 86
|
| Washing of Prints
| 86
|
| General Considerations
| 86
|
| Washing Aids
| 87
|
| Washing Conditions and Apparatus
| 87
|
| Washing Time
| 88
|
| Method for Washing Albumen and Salted Papers
| 89
|
| Drying the Prints
| 89
|
| Chapter Ten:
|
| Finishing, Mounting and
Storage
| 91
|
| Preparing Prints for Display or Storage
| 91
|
| History of the Finishing and Mounting of Albumen
Prints
| 92
|
| Mounting Adhesives Used in the 19th Century
| 93
|
| Rolling Machines and Burnishers
| 94
|
| A Contemporary Approach to Finishing, Display, and
Storage
| 95
|
| Matting Prints
| 96
|
| Hinging Prints
| 96
|
| A Conservator's Mounting Method
| 97
|
| Summary of the Mounting Procedure
| 97
|
| Step 1 Preparing the Starch Paste
| 97
|
| Step 2 Preparing the Rigid Plexiglas™ Support
| 98
|
| Step 3 Applying the Polyester Cloth Support
| 98
|
| Step 4 Applying the Mounting Sheet
| 98
|
| Step 5 Applying the Print
| 99
|
| Step 6 Removing the Mounted Prints from the
Temporary Supports
| 99
|
| Print Storage
| 100
|
| Temperature and Humidity Control
| 100
|
| Chapter Eleven:
|
| The Question of
Permanence
| 101
|
| Historical Review
| 102
|
| The Era of Salted Papers 1840-1855
| 102
|
| Introduction of Albumen Paper 1850-1860
| 103
|
| Albumen Prints After 1860
| 104
|
| Albumen Versus Emulsion-Type Printing-Out Papers
| 105
|
| Highlight Yellowing in Albumen Prints
| 107
|
| Causes of Highlight Yellowing in Albumen Prints
| 108
|
| Assessing the Rate of Yellowing and Fading
| 109
|
| Generalized Image Fading
| 110
|
| Deterioration Caused by Defective Mounts and
Mounting Adhesives
| 110
|
| The Need for Restoration Research
| 110
|
| Appendix A:
|
| Suggestions for Further
Reading
| 113
|
| Surveys of the Technical History of Printing-Out
Papers
| 113
|
| Early Writings About Salted Papers
| 114
|
| The Albumen Print
| 114
|
| Matte Salted Papers
| 115
|
| Appendix B:
|
| Titration Method for
Determining Strength of Silver Nitrate Solutions
| 117
|
| Equipment
| 117
|
| Chemicals
| 117
|
| Process
| 117
|
| Helpful Hints for the Titration Procedure
| 120
|
| Appendix C:
|
| Some Guidelines for the
Identification of Albumen and Salted Paper Prints
| 121
|
| Introduction
| 121
|
| Guidelines
| 122
|
| I. Is the Print a Silver Photographic Print?
| 122
|
| II. Does the Print Display the Characteristic
Colors of Albumen and Salted Paper Prints?
| 122
|
| III. What Are the Surface Characteristics of the
Print?
| 122
|
| IV. Can the Image Be Dated From Internal Evidence?
| 123
|
| V. Publications Which May Assist in Process
Identification
| 124
|
| References
| 125
|
| References for
Illustrations
| 131
|