3 CONCLUSIONS

Some of the 19th-century inventions such as millboards, academy boards, and canvas boards and the related paraphernalia such as brushes, Japanned boxes, stools, and easels were designed for portability and ease of assembly. The popularity, the new linguistic terms, and widespread acceptance of these materials (by both the professional and the amateur artist) are reflected in the trade catalogs of the time. These tools of the artist's craft provided the means for the American artist to do on-site oil sketches.