NOTES

1. The term “stencil mark,” not “canvas mark,” is used, as these colormen marks have been found on stretchers, panels, and frames as well as canvases. Although it is correct that the majority of these marks have been found on canvases, I believe that the term “stencil mark” is a more descriptive term as it describes the process of application onto the canvas, stretcher, panel, or frame. “Canvas mark” implies only canvas.

2. American manufacturing of artists' pigments appears to have begun in the early 19th century when Cholwell & Mercein had a “manufactory” of watercolors located at 178 Front Street, New York, N.Y.

REFERENCES

A. H.Abbott & Co. ca. 1900. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Ahearn, M.1997. Personal communication and agent for Dominique Sennelier. Savoir Faire, P.O. Box 2021, Sausalito, Calif. 94966

Bomford, D., J.Kirby, J.Leighton, and A.Roy. 1990. Impressionism. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Collins, Albert G.1863. Improvement in painters' panels. U.S. Patent #39,362.

Conisbee, P., S.Fuance, J., Galassi, and J., Strick. 1996. In the light of Italy: Corot and early open-air painting. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art.

N. D.Cotton & Co. ca. 1844–52. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Cropsey, J. F.1856. Letter to Asher B. Durand, November 27. Archives of American Art, Detroit Regional Center, photocopy.

EdwardDechaux. ca. 1836–40. Trade catalog. Archives of the Senate House Museum, New York State Bureau of Historic Sites, Kingston, N.Y.

EdwardDechaux. 1860. Trade catalog. Prints and Drawings Dept., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y.

F.W.Devoe & Co. ca. 1886. Trade catalog. Collection of Peter H. Falk, Madison, Conn.

Faibairn, L.1983. Paint and painting. London: Tate Galler. 68–69.

Frost & Adams Co. ca. 1895. Trade catalog. Library Collection, Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, New York, N.Y.

Gettens, R. J., and G. L.Stout. 1966. Painting materials: A short encyclopaedia. New York: Dover Publications.

S. & H.Goldberg & Co. ca. 1890. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Gottesman, R. S.1954. The arts and crafts in New York, 1777–1799. New York: New-York Historical Society.

Gottesman, R. S.1965. The arts and crafts in New York, 1800–1804. New York: New-York Historical Society.

Goupil & Co. 1854. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, M. Knoedler Galleries, New York, N.Y.

Goupil & Co. 1857. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Harley, R. D.1971. Oil colour containers: Development work by artists and colourmen in the nineteenth century. Annals of Science27:1–12.

Katlan, A. W.1987. American artists' materials: Suppliers directory, Nineteenth century. Park Ridge, N. J.: Noyes Publications.

M.Knoedler & Co. ca. 1870. Trade catalog. Prints and Drawings Dept., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y.

Mayer, R.1969. A dictionary of art terms and techniques. London: Adam & Charles Black Ltd.

New York City directory for 1858–1859. 1858. New York: Trow's Directory Co.

JamesNewman. ca. 1910. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, Winsor & Newton, Ltd., Reckitt & Colman Leisure, Ltd., London.

Pinney, Z. S.1998. Personal communication and review. 1921 Glendon St., Apt. 201, Los Angeles, Calif. 90025.

GeorgeRowney & Co. ca. 1864. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, Daler-Rowney, Ltd., Berkshire, England.

GeorgeRowney & Co. ca. 1892. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, Daler-Rowney, Ltd., Berkshire, England.

Russell, H.1879. Improvement in artists' tablets. U. S. Patent #213,454.

C. S.Samuel & Co. ca. 1884. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

A.Sartorius & Co. ca. 1890–94. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

WilliamSchaus & Co. ca. 1857. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

WilliamSchaus & Co. 1868. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Standage, H. C.1886. The artists's manual of pigments. Philadelphia: Janentzky & Webber.

FrederickWeber & Co. 1929. Trade catalog. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Winsor & Newton, Ltd. ca. 1835. Trade catalog. Archives Collection Winsor & Newton, Ltd., Reckitt & Colman Leisure, Ltd., London.

Winsor & Newton, Ltd. ca. 1851. Trade catalog. Archives Collection Winsor & Newton, Ltd., Reckitt & Colman Leisure, Ltd., London.

Winsor & Newton, Ltd. 1863. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, Winsor & Newton, Ltd., Reckitt & Colman Leisure, Ltd., London.

Winsor & Newton, Ltd. 1886. Trade catalog. Archives Collection, Winsor & Newton, Ltd., Reckitt & Colman Leisure, Ltd., London.

FURTHER READING

Katlan, A. W.1992. American artists' materials, vol.2: A guide to stretchers, panels, millboards and stencil marks. Madison, Conn.: Sound View Press.

Turner, J.1992. Brushes: A handbook for artists and artisans. New York: Design Press.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

ALEXANDER W. KATLAN is an independent painting conservator in New York City. He holds a B.A. from Lake Forest College, an M.F.A. in painting conservation from Villa Schifanoia in Florence, Italy, and an M.A. in art history from Queens College, City University of New York. His research has emphasized 19th-century American art materials. Address: 56-38 Main St., Flushing, N.Y. 11355