APPENDIX

APPENDIX 1

Definitions

Cloud point: temperature below which the solubility of an anionic surfactant drops dramatically and above which the solubility of a nonionic surfactant drops dramatically. When the surfactant comes out of solution, it forms a white cloud of minute particles. The nominal cloud point is measured on a 1% w/v aqueous solution. Nonionic surfactants have their greatest surface activity near the cloud point (Timar-Balazsy and Eastop 1998).

Critical micelle concentration (CMC): surfactants form aggregates of molecules or ions called micelles when the concentration of surfactant solute in the bulk of the solution exceeds a limiting value, i.e., the critical micelle concentration. The CMC is a fundamental characteristic of each solute and is also temperature dependent (Howe-Grant 1977).

Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB): a means for characterizing surfactants based upon the proportion of hydrophilic to lipophilic regions. An HLB value of zero represents a water-insoluble surfactant. The maximum HLB value is 20, although most surfactants tend to lie in the region of 11 to 15. The value for the HLB can be calculated on the basis of its molecular weight. One such method for ethoxylates is a fifth of the percentage by weight of ethoxylate in the molecule (Daniels 2000).

REFERENCES

BSI. 1968. British Standard for determination of the resistance to tearing of woven fabrics by the wing-rip technique, BS 4303. London: British Standards Institute.

BSI. 2002. British Standard for repair and allied processes for the conservation of documents— recommendations, BS 4971. London: British Standards Institute.

Campbell, B.2004. Personal communication. Product Development, Commercial Product Development Group, CPG TN6, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Daniels, J.2000. Synperonic N replacement. Unpublished report and presentation. Uniqema, Middlesborough, U. K.

Daniels, V., and I.McIntyre. 1993. An apparatus for studying conservation light bleaching. Conservation Science in the United Kingdom, ed. N. H.Tennent. London: James & James. 122–24.

Gentle, N., and S.Muller. 1995. An initial study of detergents and washing recipes for use in the conservation of textile objects. Conservation News58:55–59.

Hofenk de Graff, J. H.1968. Constitution of surfactants in conjunction with the cleaning of ancient textiles. Studies in Conservation13:122–41.

Howe-Grant, M., ed. 1977. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology23:478.

Howell, D., and C.Carr. 2000. Personal communication. Historic Royal Palaces, Textile Conservation Studio, Surrey, U. K., and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, U. K.

Jakobi, G. and A.L�hr. 1987. Detergents and textile washing. Weinheim: VCH Verlaggsgesellschaft.

Jobling, S., and J. P.Sumpter. 1993. Detergent components in sewage effluent are weakly oestrogenic to fish: An in vitro study using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Aquatic Toxicology27(3–4):361–72.

Jobling, S., D.Sheahan, J. A.Osborn, P.Mattiessen, and J. P.Sumpter. 1996. Inhibition of testicular growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to estrogenic alkylphenolic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry15:194–202.

Lewis, J., and D.Eastop. 2001. Mixtures of anionic and non-ionic surfactants for wet-cleaning historic textiles: A preliminary evaluation with standard soiled wool and cotton test fabrics. Conservator25:73–89.

Mukerjee, P., and K. J.Mysels. 1971. Critical micelle concentrations of aqueous surfactant systems. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards.

Plenderleith, H. J.1956. The conservation of antiquities and works of art. London: Oxford University Press.

Sugden, S.1922. The determination of surface tension from the maximum pressure in bubbles. Journal of the Chemical Society121:858–66.

Sugden, S.1924. The determination of surface tension from the maximum pressure in bubbles. Part 2. Journal of the Chemical Society125:27–31.

Timar-Balazsy, A., and Eastop, D.1998. Chemical principles of textile conservation. London: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.

FURTHER READING

OSPAR Commission Report. 1998. DIFF98/9/1-E. Helsinki, Finland.

SOURCES OF MATERIALS

Fabrics

Westlairds Limited Patrixbourne The Green, Datchet Slough SL3 9JH, U.K.

Instruments

Minolta (UK) Limited 1-3 Tanners Drive Blakelands North Milton Keynes MK14 5BU, U.K.

EDT Instruments Dover, Kent CT16 2DR, U.K.

WPA Milton Rd. Unit 22 Cambridge Science Park Cambridge CB4 0FJ, U.K.

Dehypon LS36, Dehypon LS45 Conservation Resources (UK) Ltd. Units 1, 2, 4 & 5 Pony Road Horspath Industrial Estate Cowley, Oxford OX4 2RD, U.K. +44-1865-747755

Clariant GmbH c/o Chemlink Specialties Ltd. Carrington Business Park, Carrington Urmston Manchester M31 4ZU, U.K. +44-161-7764303

Libra Chemical Ltd. Brinell Drive, North Bank Industrial Park, Irlam Manchester M44 5LF, U.K. +44-161-7751 888

Ciba Specialty Chemicals Plc. Charter Way Macclesfield SK10 2NX, U.K. +44-1625-421933

Preservation Equipment Ltd. Shelfhanger Diss Norfolk IP22 2DG, U.K. +44-1379-651527

Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals The Old Brickyard New Road, Gillingham Dorset SP8 4XT, U.K. + 44-800-717181

Uniqema P.O. Box 90 Wilton Middlesborough Cleveland TS90 8JE, U.K. +44-1642-432 395

Union Carbide Benelux c/o SurfaChem Ltd. Wellington Park House, Thirsk Row Leeds, LS1 4DF, U.K. +44-113-2342636

CMCs were experimentally determined by the authors, but the cloud points are from the manufacturer's literature.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

JOHN A. FIELDS was awarded a B.Sc. in applied chemistry from Dublin City University in 1995, which he followed with a one-year internship in the Paper Conservation Studio at the National Gallery of Ireland. This work subsequently led to a Ph.D. on “Analysis of Ancient and Modern Chinese Paper” at Queen's University, Belfast, in conjunction with the British Library. Fields joined the British Museum in 1999 as a conservation scientist and worked mainly on conservation science problems relating to organic materials. In April 2001 he joined the Irish State Laboratory, where he is continuing to work in the area of heritage and environment. Address: The State Laboratory, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, Republic of Ireland; e-mail: john.fields@statelab.ie

ANDREW WINGHAM received an M.Sci. in chemistry with conservation science at Imperial College London in conjunction with the Royal College of Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum. During his degree, he concentrated on analytical techniques and numerous conservation science issues, and for his dissertation he carried out research into the alternatives to Synperonic N. He has recently completed an M.Sc. in forensic archaeological science at the Institute of Archaeology, University College, London. Address: 1–3 High St., Biddenden, Kent TN27 8AL, U.K.; e-mail: andrew@collectablegifts.net

FRANCES HARTOG began her three-year apprenticeship training in textile conservation in 1989 at the Textile Conservation Studio in London. From 1992 to 1994 she worked at the Textile Conservation Center, then undertook two years of contract work at the Museum of London. In 1996 she joined the National Trust at its Textile Conservation Studio in Norfolk. Two years later she took up her present post as a senior textile conservator in the Conservation Department of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Address: Textile Conservation, Victoria & Albert Museum, South Kensington, London SW7 2RL, U.K.; e-mail: f.hartog@vam.ac.uk

VINCENT DANIELS studied chemistry for his B.Sc. and studied the reactions of thermally degraded polyvinylchloride (PVC) for his Ph.D. from University College, Cardiff, Wales. He joined the British Museum in 1974 to work in the Research Laboratory on the conservation science of paper and books. He joined the Department of Conservation on its formation in 1975. Since then he has worked on a wide variety of conservation science problems, but recurring themes are the deterioration of cellulosic fibers, dyes, and pigments. He left the British Museum in 2003 and is now a research fellow at the Royal College of Art. Address: Conservation Department, School of Humanities, Royal College of Art, Kensington Gore, London SW7 2EU, U.K.; e-mail: vincent.daniels@rca.ac.uk