APPENDIX

1

ARM: A variably shaped glass branch appended to the stem of a chandelier for the support of a candle or glass ornament (figs. 1, 4, 5). Also called a branch.

ARM MOUNT: A metal fitting used to affix the arm to another part. The inner arm mount, which attaches a glass arm to the arm plate, is sometimes referred to as the ferrule or the socket, particularly the portion within the console or arm plate.

ARM PLATE: The cast and turned brass plate that accepts the arms of a chandelier. Also called the console or receiver plate(figs. 1, 7).

BEAD: A faceted glass item drilled to receive a wire, usually spherical, but sometimes ovoid or other shape.

BODY: The assembled central structure of glass stem-pieces and their interior metal supports. Also called the stem.

BOBECHE: An American or French term for a drip-pan.

BUSHING: The thick metal washer that centralizes and locates a stem-piece on the metal support rod. The washer or bushing is turned to provide two different-diameter collars and a flat lip upon which an upper stem-piece may rest. The lower diameter is turned to fit into the top of the neighboring stem-piece. Bushings are usually made of plated brass (see figs. 7, 11).

CANDLE TUBE: The tubular outer part of a glass arm that holds the candle.

CANOPY: Shaped inverted glass bowls with shaped borders, often provided at the top and bottom of a chandelier stem. Hanging from the outer margins various drops or chains could enrich the overall appearance of the chandelier (see fig. 10).

CHAINS: A number of faceted glass drops linked by metal chandelier pins. The drops are sometimes graded in size (see figs. 12, 13).

CONSOLE: Same as arm plate.

DOUBLE CURVE: Some arms are shaped into a double S–shaped series of curves, particularly in the rococo period of the 1760s and 1770s (see fig. 5).

DRIP-PAN: A glass dish encircling a candle tube or beneath a nozzle to catch falling wax drips (see figs. 1, 4, 5, 6). Also called a grease-pan.

DROP: The glass element hung from various parts of a chandelier or strung with pins to form chains for decorative purposes. Also called a pendant.

FERRULE: Same as arm mount.

FINIAL: The normally solid glass terminal at the bottom of a chandelier. The bottom of the finial is usually the lowest point of a chandelier (see figs. 1, 3). Sometimes in the shape of a knop.

GREASE-PAN: Same as drip-pan.

KICK ARM: A secondary arm that normally alternates with arms bearing candles and rises above them. The kick arm usually carries spires, but sometimes candles.

LINER: A spun brass bowl, gilded or lacquered, sometimes provided to lie within the glass receiver bowl to obscure the underside of the arm plate and its arm mounts (see fig. 7).

NOTCHING: Decorative slices cut from the angles of various glass components; notably from arms and spires (see figs. 4, 5, 8–10).

NOZZLE: A detachable candle holder. See also saveall and sconce.

ORNAMENT: Elaborate components added to the basic structure of chandeliers in the rococo period. They could hang or stand from metal mounts.

PAN: Same as drip pan.

PENDANT: Same as drop.

PLATFORM: The flange provided beneath a candle tube on a glass arm to support a drip pan (see fig. 4).

PRISM: A term preferred in the 18th century for a spire (see figs. 8, 9).

RECEIVER BOWL: The bowl-shaped glass stem-piece that covers the underside of the arm plate (see fig. 7).

RECEIVER PLATE: Same as arm plate.

ROCK CRYSTAL: The natural colorless quartz stone used to decorate metal chandeliers before glass was used. The term crystal is normally only applied to the natural stone and is not appropriate to use in the description of glass.

ROD: The central metal support of a chandelier. Usually iron or copper alloy and sometimes covered with silver or white metal plate covers or paint to alter the color of the metal within the glass stem-pieces (see figs. 1, 7, 11). Also called a shaft.

SAVEALL: A detachable glass candle sconce or nozzle, its saucer-shaped top integral with a tube that sockets into a candle tube on a glass arm (see figs. 5, 6). See also NOZZLE and SCONCE.

SCONCE: A term for a detachable candle holder of glass, sometimes interchangeable with nozzle. In the first half of the 18th century, the term was used to describe a pier glass with candle arms. See also NOZZLE and SAVEALL.

SHACKLE: The suspension ring of a chandelier, often elaborately shaped. It is secured by a nut, itself fitted with a stop screw designed to prevent the shackle nut from unscrewing, making the shackle free to turn 360� (see fig. 2).

SHAFT: Same as rod.

SINGLE CURVE: The normal shallow S shape of the glass chandelier arm (see fig. 4).

SOCKET: Same as arm mount.

SPIRE: A tapered ornament of triangular section sometimes cut with notches on the angles, sometimes fitted at the top with small canopies and finials. The spires are often fitted to glass arms with metal mounts (see figs. 8, 9, 10). See also PRISM.

STEM: Same as body.

STEM-PIECE: A hollow glass element of various shapes that is fitted over the rod or shaft (see figs. 1, 11). Often made in a baluster shape.

VASE: The central glass stem-piece of a neoclassical chandelier. Made either in one or two pieces (a vase and a separate cover) (see figs. 1, 11).

REFERENCES

Barger, M. S., and T. T.Hill. 1988. Thiourea and ammonium thiosulfate treatments for the removal of “silvering” from aged negative material. Journal of Imaging Technology14(2):43–46.

Davison, S.1988. Cut glass chandeliers: Dismantling, cleaning, recording, and restoring. In Preprints of the Contributions to the United Kingdom Institute for Conservation 30th Anniversary Conference. London: UKIC. 90–93.

LaNiece, S., and P.Craddock. 1993. Metal plating and patination: Cultural, technical, and historical developments. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Larsen, E. B.1981. Moulding and casting of museum objects. Copenhagen: School of Conservation of the Royal Danish Art Academy.

Long, D.Forthcoming. Cleaning false gilding: A case study. In Gilded metals, ed.T.Drayman-Weisser. London: Archetype.

Maryon, H.1971. Metalwork and enameling. New York: Dover.

Mortimer, M.1987. The English glass chandelier. In International Ceramics and Glass Fair and Seminar Catalogue. 39–55.

Newton, R., and S.Davison. 1989. Conservation of glass. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Reedy, C. L., R. A.Corbett, D. L.Long, R. E.Tatnall, and B. D.Krantz. 1998. Evaluation of three protective coatings for indoor silver artifacts. Final report submitted to National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, Grant Agreement No. MT-2255—NC-011.

Tennent, N. H.1979. Clear and pigmented epoxy resins for stained glass conservation: Light ageing studies. Studies in Conservation24:153–64.

Tennent, N. H., and J. H.Townsend. 1984a. Factors affecting the refractive index of epoxy resins. In ICOM Committee for Conservation preprints, 7th Triennial Meeting, Copenhagen. Paris: ICOM. 84.20.26–84.20.28.

Tennent, N. H., and J. H.Townsend. 1984b. The significance of the refractive index of adhesives for glass repair. Adhesives and Consolidants (September):205–12.

Wharton, G.1990. A comparative study of silver cleaning abrasives. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation29:13–31.

FURTHER READING

Brill, R. H.1962. A note on the scientist's definition of glass. Journal of Glass Studies4:127–38.

Charleston, R.1984. English glass and the glass used in England, ca. 400–1940. London: Allen and Unwin.

Fisher, P.1992. HXTAL NYL-1, an epoxy resin for the conservation of glass. In Glass and Enamel Conservation, UKIC Occasional Papers11:6–9. London: UKIC.

Leeds City Art Gallery and J.Rutherford. 1992. Country house lighting 1660–1890. Leeds, England: Leeds City Art Gallery.

SOURCES OF MATERIALS

Available at hardware stores

Available at hardware stores

Available at scientific supply companies

Agate Lacquer Co., 11–13 43d Rd., Long Island, City, N.Y. 11101, (718) 784-0660

Midwest Lamp Parts, 3534 N. Spaulding Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60618, (773) 539-0628

Available at electronics stores

Available from conservation supply stores

RECOMMENDED CHANDELIER AND PARTS SUPPLIERS

Pegrex Ltd., 113–126 New John St., Birmingham B64 LD, U.K., (0121) 359-6881

Nestle, Inc., 151 E. 57th St., New York, N.Y. 10022, (212) 755-0515,

Andrew Burne, 24 Parkway, London SW20 9HF, U.K., (0181) 540-4422,

Delomosne & Son Ltd., Court Close, North Wraxall, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN14 7AD, U.K., (0122) 589-1505, (0122) 589-1907 (fax),

David Fileman Antiques, “Squirrels”, Bayards, Steyning, Sussex BN4 3AA, U.K., (0190) 381-3229,

Danys Sargeant, 21 The Green, Westerham, Kent TN16 1HX, U.K., (0195) 956-2130, (0195) 956-1989 (fax),

Neil Wilkin, Unit 3, Wallbridge Business Park, Frome, Somerset BA11 5JY, U.K., (0137) 345-2574, (0137) 345-2574 (fax),

Blue Crystal, Unit 6, 21 Wren St., London WC1, U.K., (0171) 278-0142,

Wilkinson PLC, 5 Catford Hill, London SE6 4NU, U.K., (0181) 314-1080,

AUTHOR INFORMATION

JULIE A. REILLY is the associate director and chief conservator for the Nebraska State Historical Society, where her responsibilities include the initial establishment and operation of the Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center, a new regional center in Omaha, Nebraska. She has been an objects conservator for 14 years, working and teaching at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution; Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; Winterthur Museum; University of Delaware; and University of Nebraska. She has been privileged to work on several interesting chandelier projects with Martin Mortimer, Amanda Lange, Debbie Long, and Mack Truax. Address: Gerald R. Ford Conservation Center, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1326 South 32d St., Omaha, Nebraska 68105-2044.

MARTIN MORTIMER joined his business, Delomosne and Son Ltd., (founded in 1905) in 1948. The firm of dealers in varied ceramics had been handling glass lighting fittings since the early 1920s, and it was not long before he made this aspect of the firm's activities his main interest. Some hundreds of period English chandeliers, candelabra, wall brackets, and candlesticks have passed through the firm's hands, most requiring attention. The quantity and quality of the material have made possible great experience together with a considerable photographic archive. Martin Mortimer has written many articles on the subject of glass lighting, and a book is near completion. Address: Delomosne & Son Ltd., Court Close, North Wraxall, Chippenham, Wiltshire SN14 7AD, U.K.