REFERENCES

Baer, N. S., and P. N.Banks. 1985. Indoor pollution effect on cultural and historical materials. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship4:9–20.

Brimblecombe, P. 1990. The composition of museum atmospheres. Atmospheric Environment24B:1–8.

Crump, D. R., and D.Gardiner. 1989. Sources and concentrations of aldehydes and ketones in indoor environments in the UK. Environment International15:455–62.

Drisko, K., G. R.Cass, P. M.Whitmore, and J. R.Druzik. 1985. Fading of artists' pigments due to atmospheric ozone. In Wiener Berichte �ber Naturwissenschaft in der Kunst2/3, ed.A.Vendl, B.Pichler, and J.Weber. Vienna:Verlag ORAC. 66–87.

Druzik, J. R., M. S.Adams, C.Tiller, and G. R.Cass. 1990. The measurement and model predictions of indoor ozone concentrations in museums. Atmospheric Environment24A:1813–23.

Gaffney, J. S., R.Fajer, and G. I.Senum. 1984. An improved procedure for high purity gaseous peroxyacetyl nitrate production: Use of heavy liquid solvents. Atmospheric Environment18:215–18.

Grosjean, D.1984. Comments on “Worldwide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury.”Atmospheric Environment18:1489–91.

Grosjean, D.1990. Atmospheric chemistry of toxic contaminants, 2. Saturated aliphatics: Acetaldehyde, dioxane, ethylene, glycol ethers, propylene oxide. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association40:1522–31.

Grosjean, D., A. H.Miguel, and T. M.Tavares. 1990. Urban air pollution in Brazil: Acetaldehyde and other carbonyls. Atmospheric Environment24B:101–6.

Grosjean, D., and S. S.Parmar. 1991. Removal of air pollutant mixtures from museum display cases. Studies in Conservation36:129–41.

Grosjean, D., L.Salmon, and G. R.Cass. 1992. Fading of artists' colorants by atmospheric nitric acid: Reaction products and mechanisms. Environmental Science and Technology26:952–59.

Grosjean, D., P. M.Whitmore, G. R.Cass, and J. R.Druzik. 1988b. Ozone fading of natural organic colorants: Mechanisms and products of the reaction of ozone with indigos. Environmental Science and Technology22:292–98.

Grosjean, D., P. M.Whitmore, G. R.Cass, and J. R.Druzik. 1989. Ozone fading of triphenyl-methane colorants: Reaction products and mechanisms. Environmental Science and Technology23:1164–67.

Grosjean, D., P. M.Whitmore, C. P.DeMoor, G. R.Cass, and J. R.Druzik. 1987. Fading of alizarin and related artists' pigments by atmospheric ozone: Reaction products and mechanisms. Environmental Science and Technology21:635–43.

Grosjean, D., P. M.Whitmore, C. P.DeMoor, G. R.Cass, and J. R.Druzik. 1988a. Ozone fading of organic colorants: Products and mechanisms of the reaction of ozone with curcumin. Environmental Science and Technology22:1357–61.

G�sten, H., G.Heinrich, T.Cvitas, L.Klasinc, B.Ruscic, D. P.Lalas, and M.Petrakis. 1988. Photochemical formation and transport of ozone in Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Environment22:1855–61.

Hisham, M.W.M., and D.Grosjean. 1991a. Air pollution in southern California museums: Indoor and outdoor levels of nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitric acid, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology25:857–62.

Hisham, M.W.M., and D.Grosjean. 1991b. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, total reduced sulfur, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants in southern California museums. Atmospheric Environment25A:1497–1505.

Lalas, D. P., M.Tombrou-Tsella, M.Petrakis, D. N.Asimako-poulos, and C.Helmis. 1987. An experimental study of the horizontal and vertical distribution of ozone over Athens. Atmospheric Environment21:2681–93.

Mudd, B. J. 1966. Reaction of peroxyacetyl nitrate with glutathione. Journal of Biological Chemistry241:4077–80.

Nasralla, M. M., and A. A.Shakour. 1981. Nitrogen oxides and photochemical oxidants in Cario atmosphere. Environment International5:55–60.

Nazaroff, W. W., and G. R.Cass. 1986. Mathematical modeling of chemically reactive pollutants in indoor air. Environmental Science and Technology20:924–34.

Nielsen, T., A. M.Hansen, and E. L.Thomsen. 1982. A convenient method for preparation of pure standards of peroxyacetyl nitrate for atmospheric analysis. Atmospheric Environment16:2447–50.

Parmar, S. S., and D.Grosjean. 1991. Sorbent removal of air pollutants from museum display cases. Environment International17:39–50.

PeakM. J., and W. L.Belser. 1969. Some effects of the air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate upon deoxyribonucleic acid and upon nucleic acid bases. Atmospheric Environment3:385–97.

Shaver, C. L., G. R.Cass, and J. RDruzik. 1983. Ozone and the deterioration of works of art. Environmental Science and Technology17:748–52.

Shepson, P. B., T. E.Kleindienst, E. O.Edney, C. M.Nero, L. T.Cupitt, and L. D.Claxton. 1986. Acetaldehyde: The mutagenic activity of its reaction products. Environmental Science and Technology20:1008–13.

Stephens, E. R. 1969. The formation, reactions and properties of peroxyacyl nitrates in photochemical air pollution. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology1:119–46.

Tanner, R. L., A. H.Miguel, J. B.de Andrade, J. S.Gaffney, and G. E.Strait. 1988. Atmospheric chemistry of aldehydes: Enhanced peroxyacetyl nitrate formation from ethanol-fueled vehicular emissions. Environmental Science and Technology22:1026–34.

Taylor, O. C. 1969. Importance of peroxyacetyl nitrate as a phytotoxic air pollutant. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association19:347–51.

Temple, P. J., and O. C.Taylor. 1983. Worldwide ambient measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and implications for plant injury. Atmospheric Environment17:1583–87.

Thompson, C. R., E. G.Hensel, and G.Kats. 1973. Outdoor-indoor levels of six air pollutants. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association23:881–86.

Thompson, G. 1978. The museum environment. London: Butterworths.

Tsani-Bazaca, E., S.Glavas, and H.G�sten. 1988. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in Athens, Greece. Atmospheric Environment22:2283–86.

Whitmore, P. M., and G. R.Cass. 1988. The ozone fading of traditional Japanese colorants. Studies in Conservation33:29–40.

Whitmore, P. M., and G. R.Cass. 1989. The fading of artists' colorants by exposure to atmospheric nitrogen dioxide. Studies in Conservation34:85–97.

Whitmore, P. M., G. R.Cass, and J. R.Druzik. 1987. The ozone fading of traditional natural organic colorants on paper. Journal of the American Institue for Conservation26:45–58.

Williams, E. L.II, and D.Grosjean. 1990. Southern California Air Quality Study: Peroxyacetyl nitrate. Atmospheric Environment24A:2369–77.

Williams, E. L.II, and D.Grosjean. 1991. Peroxypropionyl nitrate at a southern California mountain forest site. Environmental Science and Technology25:653–59.

Williams, E. L.II, and D.Grosjean. 1992. Exposure of deacidified and untreated paper to ambient levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide: Nature and yields of reaction products. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation31:199–212.

Williams, E. L.II, E.Grosjean, and D.Grosjean. 1991a. Exposure of artists' colorants to peroxyacetyl nitrate. Final report to Getty Conservation Institute. Ventura, Calif: DGA, Inc.

Williams, E. L.II, E.Grosjean, and D.Grosjean. 1991b. Exposure of artists' colorants to air pollutants: Reflectance spectra of exposed and unexposed samples. Final report to Getty Conservation Institute. Ventura Calif.: DGA, Inc.

Williams, E. L.II, E.Grosjean, and D.Grosjean. 1992. Exposure of artists' colorants to airborne formaldehyde. Studies in Conservation, 37:201–10..

Yocom, J. E. 1982. Indoor-outdoor air quality relationships. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association32:500–20.

SOURCES OF MATERIALS

Calgon Corp., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Model 8610, SRI, Inc., Redondo Beach, California

DuPont, Wilmington, Delaware

Whatman Lab Sales, Hillsboro, Oregon

Baxter Scientific Products, Irvine, California

Gem-O-Lite Company, Ventura, California

Purafil, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia

Minolta Corp., Ramsey, New Jersey

Bausch and Lomb, Woburn, Massachusetts

Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin

British Ceramic Research Associates, Ltd., Stoke-on-Trent, England

Perrigot, Arches, France

Winsor and Newton, Wealdstone, Harrow, Middlesex HA3 5RH, England; Binney and Smith, Grumbacher.

Gem-O-Lite Company, Ventura, California

Whatman Lab Sales, Hillsboro, Oregon

AUTHOR INFORMATION

EDWIN L. WILLIAMS II holds an M.S. degree in physical chemistry from the University of California, Los Angeles (1986) and is a research scientist with DGA, Inc. He is involved in research projects including atmospheric chemistry, air pollution measurements, development and application of new analytical methods for the determination of trace levels of air pollutants, museum air quality, and studies of the impact of air pollutants on paper and on artists' colorants.

ERIC GROSJEAN holds a B.A. degree in environmental sciences from the California State University, Northridge, California (1991) and is a research assistant at DGA, Inc. He is involved in research projects including laboratory studies of atmospheric chemical reactions, air pollution measurements in urban air, and indoor air quality and studies of the impact of air pollutants on artists' colorants.

DANIEL GROSJEAN holds a docteur es Sciences degree in physical organic chemistry from the University of Paris (1972) and did postdoctoral research at the Department of Environmental Health Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California. He is president of a private environmental research company that he founded in 1983 and he directs research studies in atmospheric chemistry, air pollution measurements, museum air quality, and art conservation. He also holds an appointment as visiting associate, Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology. Grosjean's recent work in the field of art conservation has included several surveys of air quality in museums, the design of mitigation measures such as the use of sorbents to remove air pollutants from display cases, the development of passive samplers for measuring formaldehyde and other pollutants in museum air, and studies of the impact of air pollutants on deacidified paper, artists' colorants, and other materials relevant to museum collections. Address: DGA, Inc., 4526 Telephone Rd., Ste. 205, Ventura, Calif. 93003.