ABSTRACT—Ideal environmental conditions for the preservation of artifacts housed in historic structure often differ from the ideal conditions for the preservation of the structure itself. It is important to consider carefully the preservation requirements of both the collection and the building when setting specific temperature and humidity standards and designing climate control systems. For historic house museums in the northeastern United States, a compromise acceptable relative humidity range of 35% in the winter to 60% in the summer with gradual seasonal changes is proposed. Seven specific climate control actions to improve environmental conditions in historic structures are discussed. They include reducing environmental problems at the source, reducing heat to maintain reasonable RH levels during the winter, humidistatically controlled heating and ventilating, and modified use of conventional climate control systems.

1 INTRODUCTION

Most discussions of museum climate control have focused on complete heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and controls tailored to meet the specific requirements of museum artifacts. Such an approach makes sense if one is building a new structure or renovating an existing structure to a point that equipment, ducting, vents, and vapor barriers can be installed properly. However, when one considers museum artifacts housed in historic buildings, the total system approach becomes much more problematic. On considering environmental improvement for the artifacts housed in 33 buildings at the Shelburne Museum, it quickly became apparent that a traditional climate control system installed in each building was not a practical answer to our climate problems.

Few museums have such a number and variety of exhibit buildings. However, many historic house museums face the challenge of integrating a climate control system designed primarily for new construction into a historic building. Problems created by extensive building changes required for installation of ducting and vapor barriers, high capital cost, maintenance and repair of equipment, monitoring the controlled environment, and long-term operating costs tend to discourage all but the most sophisticated and wealthiest museums from improving their environments. To date, few alternatives to complete system climate control have been designed and tested. Therefore, small and mid-sized historic house museums often take an “all or nothing ” approach to climate control; all too often, it is “nothing.”

Environmental control does not have to be an “all or nothing ” situation. Control measures exist on a continuum from no control to complete systems. To date, limited attention has been paid to many in-between measures, or partial climate control. This article will focus on a variety of actions that can be taken to improve environmental conditions within historic buildings and thereby significantly aid in the long-term preservation of historic and artistic artifacts housed in these buildings. The following topics will be discussed:

1. evaluation of the collection to determine environmental requirements
2. evaluation of the building to determine what environmental conditions the structure can safely support
3. practical climate control actions applicable to historic buildings

2 EVALUATION OF THE COLLECTION

Controlling environmental conditions within museums has positive effects on the preservation of artifacts that have been recognized for decades. In general, fine arts museums led the way during the 1960s and 1970s, installing climate control systems designed to maintain ideal conditions of 65�F to 70�F and 50% � 3% RH. In 1984, the Institute of Museum Services, a major U.S. governmental granting agency for conservation, placed environmental control above artifact treatment in its funding priorities. As a result of this increased emphasis on environmental control, many museums that had not yet addressed environmental conditions sought guidance on environmental improvements. Conservators and preservationists working with museums housed in historic buildings, especially those in cold climates, realized that ideal environmental conditions for the preservation of the artifacts housed in the buildings were not the same as the ideal conditions for the preservation of the buildings. Sepcifically, maintenance of an interior relative humidity of 50% during the cold winter season could result in moisture condensation within the wall cavities, causing serious damage to the building structure. A reasonable compromise of environmental standards was required to maximize preservation of both artifacts and buildings.

While most artifacts require some degree of climate control, many historic and fine art collections artifacts can safely survive under a range of environmental conditions considerably wider than 50 � 3%RH. As early as 1964, Richard Buck proposed a median RH level of 55%, varying from 45% in winter to 65% in summer (Buck, 1964). In 1971, George Rogers of the Canadian Conservation Institute also proposed the adoption of a range of safe RH levels (Rogers, 1976). In 1980, Ralph Eames offered the following advice in a presentation at the International Institute for Conservation Vienna Congress:

It is now generally acknowledged that to demand an unvarying temperature of 20�C and relative humidity level of 55% can be counter-productive since these constant levels are almost impossible to maintain in Canada. (Counterproductive because the on-site manager, whatever his title, throws up his hands in despair and does nothing. Furthermore, any advice subsequently given will be received with scepticism.) It would be far better to advocate what could be physically and financially achieved, i.e. an annual range of temperature between 7�C in winter and 26�C in summer and relative humidity between 35% and 60%, with changes being retarded as much as possible (Eames 1980).

Canadian conservators and scientists were implementing a more flexible approach to environmental standards as early as 1979, when the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) published In Search of a Black Box(ROM 1979). This publication summarizes an evaluation of ROM's collection artifacts by type to determine humidity and temperature ranges, and light levels that would be safe for the artifacts and the building. The goal of the study was to determine which artifacts could be safely displayed in which parts of the building, since a new addition with different environmental capabilities was being added to an existing structure. During this project, five categories of sensitivity were established for the collection artifacts (ROM 1979). Environmental conditions and major artifact types that were assigned to each category are presented, slightly edited, in table 1. Although proposed 15 years ago, these guidelines are still applicable today with one possible exception: Paintings on canvas that are not backed and glazed should probably be placed in Group 3 “Requir Extremely Stable Conditions”, instead of Group 2 (Michalski 1990). Following the guidance of the ROM, many artifacts of the type that are usually found in historic house museums are safe under “stable ” conditions, i.e., 35%–50% RH.

TABLE 1 CATEGORIES OF SENSITIVITY

For general collections housed in historic buildings in the northeastern United States, I endorse Ralph Eames's suggested relative humidity range of 35% to 60% with gradual seasonal changes. Environmental control to these realistically attainable conditions will be easier to maintain and safe for the majority of collection artifacts and historic building structures. Sensitive artifacts that do require narrower ranges of relative humidity should be displayed in macroclimates maintained in portions of the building that can support more stringent conditions, such as an interior room where higher RH levels will not cause moisture to condense in cold outer wall cavities. Artifacts that are extremely sensitive to RH fluctuations, such as oriental lacquer or paintings on canvas that are not glazed and backed, may have to be displayed in buffered or climate controlled cases, since it is not practical to attempt to control the entire building to such stringent requirements for just a few artifacts.

3 EVALUATION OF THE BUILDINGS

The thermal and vapor characteristics of the building must be determined, for they will determine the environmental conditions that can be maintained inside the structure. Materials used to construct the building are important, since wood, stone, and brick all have different thermal and vapor characteristics. For example, horsehair and plaster walls will retard moisture penetration to a greater extent than will modern drywall. Thermal and vapor qualities of a building are also greatly affected by its construction, i.e. post-and-beam, wood frame, laid stone. It would be dangerous to introduce additional humidity into an uninsulated wood frame building during cold winter months. However, a brick or stone building with plaster interior walls may safely support a calculated level of additional humidity.

The first step of the building evaluation process is to monitor the inside temperature and humidity to determine the building's thermal and vapor characteristics and evaluate its response to the outside environment during each season of the year. Several monitors are required for each building since most structures have several distinct climate areas, such as attic, basement, and various levels. Since it was not feasible to monitor all 33 collection buildings at Shelburne Museum, Landmark Facilities Group, the engineering firm that conducted our environmental assessment, categorized the buildings based on construction characteristics and selected seven representative buildings for extensive monitoring.

After a full year of monitoring and recording temperature and relative humidity levels, and interpreting large amounts of raw data, six distinct building categories were established, each capable of supporting a different level of climate control (Conrad 1989). Each of the museum's 33 collection buildings was assigned to one of the following six categories:

1. Open structures (sawmill and bridge). No climate control is possible in such structures, even though they often shelter collection artifacts.
2. Sheathed post-and-beam structures (barns and sheds). These buildings have limited climate-control potential. Building exhaust ventilation should be used to reduce interior heat and moisture accumulation in the summer.
3. Structures with framed and sided walls and single-glazed windows (rough frame houses) or uninsulated masonry structures. A higher level of climate control is possible in such buildings. Low-level heating and humidistatic heating should be used for RH control in cool seasons and building exhaust ventilation should be used to reduce interior heat and moisture accumulation in the summer.
4. Structures with heavy masonry or composite walls with plaster, tight construction with storm windows (finished houses). Modified conventional climate control can be used in these structures. Such measures include low-level ducted heating and cooling, with low-level humidification in the winter and cooling with reheating for summer dehumidification.
5. Insulated structures with vapor barriers, double-glazed windows (formal exhibition galleries and storage area, usually new construction). These structures can support conventional climate-control systems that use ducted heating and cooling with complete humidification and dehumidification capabilities.
6. Double-wall construction, interior rooms with sealed walls and controlled occupancy (storage rooms, vaults, exhibition cases). In these areas, precisely controlled heating, cooling, and humidification systems can be installed to protect very sensitive artifacts that require extremely stable conditions.

This building classification system is an example of the environmental control continuum discussed earlier. It must be emphasized that buildings were assigned to these categories only after many months of temperature and humidity monitoring in representative museum buildings. The monitoring, data interpretation, and physical examination of the buildings required for classification should be carried out by qualified personnel.

4 PRACTICAL CLIMATE CONTROL ACTIONS

4.1 STRIVE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING CONDITIONS

The most important climate control action may be a change in attitude and approach. The “all or nothing ” approach to climate control must be replaced by a willingness to strive for improvement of existing environmental conditions. Using practical climate control measures, even small museums and historical societies can improve environmental conditions with modest financial commitments. The first step is to monitor temperature and humidity conditions throughout the building during the various seasons to determine actual RH and temperature levels. It is not uncommon to find RH levels of 15% and lower in buildings in northern climate regions that are heated to 60�–65�F during the winter. An RH level of 35% may seem dry when compared to an ideal level of 50%, but when compared to 15%, 35% RH is certainly desirable. Initial attempts to control the environmental conditions should be aimed at simply reducing the extremes.

4.2 REDUCE PROBLEMS AT THE SOURCE

Although obvious, this is a sometimes ignored climate control action. The damper or dustier the environment surrounding the historic structure, the greater the “pollution pressure ” exerted on the building, and the damper or dustier the environment immediately surrounding the artifacts inside the building becomes. Large urban museums may have little control over outside dust, pollution, or ground moisture. However, the environmental assessment of Shelburne Museum indicated that there was much we could do to reduce the climate problems at the source. Many small museums and historical societies could identify problems similar to the following:

4.2.1 Water

Moisture entering collection buildings below ground level was identified as a major problem at Shelburne Museum. Damp basements can increase RH levels in the entire building. The number one recommendation resulting from the environmental assessment was to channel rain water away from the building foundations. Roof gutters and downspouts can direct the water to an expanded storm drain system that will serve all the buildings. Where gutters compromise the historic integrity of the building, a perimeter drainage system will be installed at ground level. Slope of ground around buildings will also be improved to direct water away from foundations.

4.2.2 Vegetation

Large bushes and trees growing close to the houses cause moisture to be trapped in pockets between the shrubbery and the exterior wood walls. Trimming bushes back from the buildings or moving them further from the walls will allow air to circulate, keeping the walls dry.

4.2.3 Dust

By analyzing the dust in our collection buildings, we were able to determine that it was a very finely divided clay from the unpaved museum roads. Dust problems can be greatly reduced by paving the road that the jitney uses to move people around the museum and the paths on which our 175,000 yearly visitors walk. Buildings with circulating air systems should contain appropriate dust filters, and air intakes for new HVAC systems should be established away from high-traffic areas, but the reduction of the dust problem at the source must be the first consideration.

4.2.4 Heat

Attic areas will be insulated and ventilated to reduce heat build-up during the summer. Historic and unobtrusive window treatments will be employed to reduce light and heat penetration during the summer and keep heat in during the winter.

4.2.5 Programming and Use of Buildings

Museum staff must carefully consider the effect that the programming and general use of museum buildings will have on the artifact environments. At Shelburne, we work with our programming staff to find creative solutions, and we are willing to compromise to improve conditions even if initially we fall short of attaining museum-wide recommended standards. For example, winter programs using artifacts in various buildings are planned so that tours through cold buildings are short, with discussions and workshops held in warmer buildings that do not house sensitive artifacts. Programs are scheduled so that the areas housing the artifacts do not have to be cycled through temperature extremes over short time periods. Winter programs using a minimally heated building are grouped so that a cold building can be slowly heated, used for a given time period, and slowly cooled. For example, it is better to hold five workshops in one week during the winter than one workshop a week for five weeks because the building can be gradually heated then cooled over a two-week period instead of being suddenly heated and cooled fivetimes over a five-week period.

4.3 REDUCE HEAT IN COLLECTION BUILDINGS DURING COLD WEATHER

Many historic houses in the northeastern United States are closed or have limited access during the winter. Heating a building without adding moisture results in dangerously low RH levels (5% to 15%). In much of the United States and Canada, outdoor RH in the winter is above 50%. By allowing inside temperatures to drift down during the closed cold seasons, RH may remain within acceptable levels. In addition, wood structures act as humidity buffers to some degree, mitigating abrupt outdoor weather changes as they are reflected within the buildings.

The following recommendations regarding temperature reduction are made. If the building is closed for the winter and it does not contain water systems, set the lower temperature limit at 35�F. Monitor the RH for a season. If the RH does not remain above 30%, allow the temperature to fluctuate with outdoor temperature with no lower limit so that an RH level of at least 30% is maintained. If the building has an operating water system that cannot be drained, reduce the temperature as low as possible without risking freezing of the pipes. If proper precautions are taken to keep water in pipes circulating, a lower temperature level of 40�F can be set. An even lower temperature can be set of the system is properly charged with antifreeze.

Even if the building remains open for visitation by the public, it may be possible to reduce visitation hours and lower temperature to 50�F. The general public will be warm enough if they keep their coats on for the tour. However, the guides and security personnel who must stay in the building all day will get cold. In some historic house museums, the buildings are being heated for the comfort of the staff and to the detriment of the artifacts. Imaginative solutions to this problem can be employed. Personnel can be rotated to warmer noncollection areas on a regular schedule. Vertical radiant heaters can be employed to warm personnel but not entire rooms.

Many historic house museums contain office and work areas that are used all year while the collection is open to the public on a limited schedule during the winter months. In such cases, heat only the work areas to comfort levels and keep temperatures in collection areas as low as possible to keep RH high.

4.4 INSTALL HUMIDISTATICALLY CONTROLLED HEATING IN BUILDINGS CLOSED FOR THE WINTER

This concept was first practically employed by Raymond Lafontaine (1984) of the Canadian Conservation Institute and was modified and expanded by Paul Marcon (1987). Humidistatically controlled heating attempts to limit fluctuations in RH by allowing the temperature to vary. Since changes in temperature generally result in one-tenth the dimensional movement in sensitive organic objects as do similar changes in relative humidity, if one must choose between controlling the temperature or controlling the relative humidity of the environment surrounding museum artifacts, obviously the relative humidity should be controlled. With this system of climate control, a conventional heating system is primarily controlled by a humidistat instead of a thermostat. When the humidity rises above the set point (i.e., 50% RH) during the cool seasons, the heating system turns on and heats the room or building until the RH drops to the set level, when the heat turns off. The cycle repeats as required, resulting in the temperature cycling to maintain a relatively stable RH level.

At Shelburne Museum, we expanded the humidistatically controlled heating concept to include a window mounted air conditioner for summer cooling and dehumidification. Our miniature Kirk Circus consists of 4,000 carved and painted wood figures and wagons. It is displayed in a specially constructed room 30 ft long, 12 ft deep, and 8 ft high. The room is insulated, has a vapor barrier, and is tightly sealed to limit infiltration. A small wall-mounted forced-hot-air heater and a standard room air conditioner are controlled by a series of thermostats and humidistats. If the humidity is above 50% and the temperature is below 68�F, the heater is switched on to dry out the air until the RH falls to 50% (fig. 1). During the summer, if the temperature in the room is above 72�F and the RH exceeds 50%, the air conditioner is activated to dehumidify the air (fig. 2). If the temperature exceeds 78�F, the air conditioner is activated to cool the room regardless of the RH level. After two full years of operation, this system is working very well, maintaining the RH between 35% and 55% year round with gradual seasonal changes. The system cost less than $1,000 and is easy to operate and maintain. It does require weekly monitoring, seasonal adjustment, and occasional calibration of humidistats and thermostats. Close observation of the artifacts on display indicates that the climate maintained in this room is safe. No cracks or splits of the wood have been noted, paint is not cracking or flaking, and the thick resin varnish does not become hot enough to get tacky. Although not ideal, these climate conditions are certainly sufficient to preserve these artifacts well into the future.

Fig. 1. Hygrothermograph trace showing relative humidity (bottom line) being limited to a maximum of 50% through the use of humidistatically controlled heating using a wall-mounted forced-hot-air heater during April 1991

Fig. 2. Hygrothermograph trace showing relative humidity (bottom line) being limited to a maximum of 50% through the use of humidistatically controlled cooling using a window air conditioner during a humid July 1991

4.5 CIRCULATE AND VENTILATE AIR FROM THE BUILDINGS IN THE SUMMER TO REDUCE HEAT AND HUMIDITY LEVELS

The environmental survey at Shelburne Museum indicated that the heat and humidity levels inside the buildings on hot summer days were often higher than the levels outside. A well-controlled, properly sized ventilation system could be used to circulate drier outside air efficiently through a building on these days, thereby improving environmental conditions inside the building. The ventilation system should be controlled by humidity or dew point sensors so that it operates only when the outside air is drier than the inside air. Since little research has been conducted using ventilation to reduce high RH within buildings, we plan to study and document the effectiveness of humidistatically controlled ventilation at Shelburne Museum during the next few years.

Although practical climate control methods are meant to be simple and relatively inexpensive, it is important to use the best technology when designing these systems. The last two methods discussed—humidistatically controlled heating and ventilation—can use the latest technology in sophisticated control systems to monitor environmental conditions and operate relatively simple mechanical systems. The dependability and accuracy of newly developed sensors and controls could lead to reliable, low-maintenance systems. If old heating and cooling systems are being replaced, new fuel-efficient systems can be employed.

Shelburne Museum plans to install humidistatically controlled heating and ventilating systems that are based on outdoor dew point sensing in several of its historic buildings. Historic houses with poor thermal characteristics (such as board walls, or no insulation or vapor barriers) whose interior moisture content closely follows the outdoor moisture content are good candidates for this type of partial climate control. An outside dew point sensing device will transmit its output signal to a standard reset controller, which will reset the temperature set point inside the building to match the psychrometric temperature required for the desired relative humidity inside the building (Conrad 1990).

4.6 POOR MAN'S CLIMATE CONTROL

This simplified approach to dew point control uses statistical weather data and a clock device or person to reset room temperatures to match outdoor dew point based on local historical weather data (Conrad 1990). The graph in figure 3 presents data based on a manual procedure of setting a thermostat to maintain the RH between 40% and 60�% for all but the coldest and hottest weeks of the year. The data are applicable only to the Burlington, Vermont, climate and must be calculated based on local historical weather data. This system fits in well with Shelburne Museum's heavy visitation season. By mid-May, interior building temperatures should be a comfortable 66�F to maintain 50% RH. In mid-October a temperature of 53�F will be required to maintain an RH of 50%. We may have to compromise, setting temperature levels at 60�–65�F during October so that the guides do not get too cold, thus maintaining RH levels of 40–45%. Recommended low temperature levels can be maintained from November through April since historic buildings housing collections are only open for guided tours and guides are not stationed in the buildings for extended time periods. We began implementing this system in 1991, and generally it has maintained the predicted RH levels. Such a system is far from ideal, but it is simple, easily implemented in any building with an existing heating system, and certainly an improvement over the present widespread practice of controlling the heat in the buildings only for the comfort of visitors and staff.

Fig. 3. This graph indicates monthly interior temperature settings necessary to maintain reasonable relative humidity levels in buildings with poor thermal and vapor characteristics whose interior moisture content closely follow the outdoor moisture content. These data are specific to Burlington, Vermont, and applicable only to that climate region.

4.7 CONVENTIONAL HVAC CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS

Conventional HVAC systems can be used in historic buildings if they are appropriately designed and sensibly employed. Three of the Shelburne Museum buildings have HVAC systems that heat and humidify in the winter and cool and dehumidify in the summer. When properly maintained, these systems work well. However, two of the systems are installed in buildings with no vapor barriers. Therefore, it is impossible to safely maintain 50% RH in these buildings during the cold winter months. An attempt to maintain this level in one building resulted in moisture forming inside the walls of the building, especially around the window frames and sills. Through trial and error, we have found that by reducing the heat to 60�F in the winter and adding humidity to the dry air, a level of 40 � 5% RH can be safety maintained for all but a few of the coldest days with minimal harm to the building caused by condensation. An empirical indicator is used to gauge the moisture level that is safe for the building. The double-glazed windows for observed for condensation, since they are the coldest surfaces in the entire structure. On very cold days, light haze on the inside of the windows in acceptable. If droplets of water form, the RH is decreased. Using this indicator, guidelines have been developed for maintaining relative humidity levels in this building that are safe for both the building structure and the artifacts it contains (table 2). As the seasons change, controlled conditions are gradually increased to a maximum of 75�F and 55% RH in the summer. Paintings and decorative arts in this building have been periodically examined for condition over the past eight years. They remain in good condition and have not displayed the signs of deterioration normally associated with poor environmental conditions. Since maintaining this lower RH schedule in the winter, the building has not shown signs of accelerated deterioration from excessive moisture.

TABLE 2 MAXIMUM COLD WEATHER INTERIOR RH SET LEVELS

Based on practical experience with this building, we plan to eventually install traditional climate control systems in six additional buildings that can safely support these higher humidity levels. Psychometric calculations indicate that by keeping the temperature at a minimum of 50�F during the winter and maintaining good air circulation, we should be able to safely maintain approximately 40% RH by introducing just a small amount of humidity into the building. During the summer, RH will be controlled by supercooling and reheating the air to maintain approximately 50% RH.

5 CONCLUSION

Museum personnel charged with the preservation of collections housed in historic structures should concentrate on improving climate conditions for the artifacts even if the structure dictates less than ideal conditions. Careful evaluation of the environmental requirements of the collection and the thermal and vapor characteristics of the buildings should be conducted by qualified personnel before selecting climate control options. An entire continuum of climate control alternatives exists, from no climate control to complete HVAC system climate control. Between these two extremes, several practical methods have been suggested that should be applicable to climate control problems at many museums housed in historic structures. This study focused on practical climate control methods for museums located in climates similar to the northeastern United States. There are certainly other methods that can be developed for museums in other climates regions. Conservators and engineers specializing in museum environmental control must strive to develop viable, practical alternatives to the “all-or-nothing ” approach. Our collection artifacts and historic structures will benefit from any appreciable reduction of environmental extremes and fluctuations that we may be able to effect.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to recognize Ernest Conrad, president of Landmark Facilities Group, Inc., of Norwalk, Connecticut for his contribution to the ongoing environmental study and improvement program at Shelburne Museum. Conrad proposed or refined many of the ideas presented in this article in his final environmental survey report, which resulted from a year-long environmental assessment of the museum. The experience of working with him has emphasized the importance of hiring a professional to advise on climate control problems.

REFERENCES

Buck, R. D.1964. A Specification for museum air conditioning. Museum News Technical Supplement no. 5 (Dec)

Conrad, E.1990. Assessment of environmental control needs for preservation. Unpublished report. Shelburne Museum.

Eames, R. M.1980. The historic house in climatic extremes: Problems and proposals. Conservation Within Historic Buildings., ed.N. S.Brommelle, G.Thomson, and P.Smith.London: International Institute for Conservation. 32–33.

Lafontaine, R.1984. Humidistatically controlled heating: A new approach to relative humidity control in museums closed for the winter season. Journal of the International Institute for Conservation–Canadian Group7:35–41.

Marcon, P.1987. Controlling the environment within a new storage and display facility for the governor general's carriage. Journal of the International Institute for Conservation—Canadian Group12:37–42.

Michalski, S.1990. Towards specific guidelines for the controlled museum environment and their implications on historic buildings. Paper presented at the Association for Preservation Technology Annual Conference, Montreal, Quebec.

Rogers, G. deW. 1976. The ideal of the ideal environment.Journal of the International Institute for Conservation–Canadian Group2 (1):34–39.

ROM. 1979. In search of a black box., Proceedings of a workshop on microclimates. Toronto, Ontario: Royal Ontario Museum.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

RICHARD L. KERSCHNER, chief conservator at the Shelburne Museum in Vermont established the conservation division of the museum's collections department in 1983 and was appointed to his current post in 1986. He holds an M.A. in conservation from Cooperstown (1982), a B.S. from Bucknell University (1973), and is a professional associate of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. He is a member of the board of directors and head of the collections committee of the Vermont Museum and Gallery Alliance. He has lectured widely on environmental control for collections housed in historic buildings. Address: Shelburne Museum Conservation, P.O. Box 10, Shelburne, Vt. 05482.

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