REFERENCES

Allison, S. D., B.Chang, T. W.Randolph, and J. F.Carpenter. 1999. Hydrogen bonding between sugar and protein is responsible for inhibition of dehydration-induced protein unfolding. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics365(2):289–98.

Allison, S. D., T. W.Randolph, M. C.Manning, K.Middleton, A.Davis, and J. F.Carpenter. 1998. Effects of drying methods and additives on structure and function of actin: Mechanisms of dehydrationinduced damage and its inhibition. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics358(1):171–81.

Bandekar, J.1992. Amide modes and protein conformation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology1120(2):123–43.

Boon, J. J., J.van der Weerd, K.Keune, P.Noble, and J.Wadum. 2002. Mechanical and chemical changes in Old Master paintings: Dissolution, metal soap formation and remineralization processes in lead pigmented ground/intermediate paint layers of 17th century paintings. ICOM Committee for Conservation preprints, 13th Triennial Meeting, ed. R.Vontobel, Rio de Janeiro. London: James and James. 1:401–06.

Bykova, G. Z., A. V.Ivanova, and I. P.Mokretzova. 1976. Conservation methods for miniature painting on parchment: Treatment of the paint layer. In Conservation and restoration of pictorial art,ed. N.Brommelle and P.Smith. London: Butterworths. 207–09.

Damodaran, S., and J. E.Kinsella. 1982. Effects of ions on protein conformation and functionality. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 206. 327–57.

De Jongh, H. H. J., E.Goormaghtigh, and J.-M.Ruysschaert. 1996. The different molar absorptivities of the secondary structure types in the amide I region: An attenuated total reflection infrared study on globular proteins. Analytical Biochemistry242:95–103.

Drayman, T.1968-69. The conservation of the Petrarch manuscript. Journal of the Walters Art Gallery31–32:119–23.

Dupont, A.-L.2002. Study of the degradation of gelatin in paper upon aging using aqueous size-exclusion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A950:113–24.

Gettens, R. J., H.K�hn, and W. T.Chase. 1993. Lead white. In Artists' pigments. A handbook of their history and characteristics, vol. 2, ed. A.Roy. Washington, D. C.: National Gallery of Art. 67–81.

Krimm, S., and J.Bandekar. 1986. Vibrational spectroscopy and conformation of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. Advances in Protein Chemistry38:181–364.

Lawson, M., and A.Yamazaki-Kleps. 2002. Examination and conservation of the fifteenth-century parchment manuscript, The Belles Heures of Jean, Duke of Berry. In Works of art on paper, books, documents and photographs. Techniques and conservation. Contributions to the 2002 Baltimore Congress: Works of art on paper, ed. V.Daniels, A.Donnithorne, and P.Smith. London: International Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. 129–34.

Lin-Vien, D., N. B.Colthup, W. G.Fateley, and J. G.Grasselli, eds.1991. The handbook of infrared and Raman characteristic frequencies of organic molecules.San Diego: Academic Press.

Meilunas, R. J., J. G.Bentsen, and A.Steinberg. 1990. Analysis of aged paint binders by FTIR spectroscopy. Studies in Conservation35(1):33–51.

Meng, G.-T., and C.-Y.Ma. 2001. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of globulin from Phaseolus angularis (red bean). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules29:287–94.

Merrifield, M. P.1999. Medieval and renaissance treatises on the arts of painting: Original texts with English translations.NewYork: Dover.

Mills, J. S., and R.White. 1999. The organic chemistry of museum objects. 2nd ed.Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 84–94.

Pesvner, A., and M.Diem. 2001. Infrared spectroscopic studies of major cellular components. Part I: The effect of hydration on the spectra of proteins. Applied Spectroscopy55(6):788–93.

Quandt, A. B.1992. The Butler Hours: The conservation and rebinding of a fourteenth century English book of hours. In The Institute of Paper Conservation: Conference papers, Manchester 1992, ed. S.Fairbrass. Worcester: Institute of Paper Conservation. 171–77.

Soulliac, P. O., C. R.Middaugh, and J. H.Rytting. 2002. Investigation of protein/carbohydrate interactions in the dried state. 2. Diffuse reflectance FTIR studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics235:207–18.

Susi, H., and D. M.Byler. 1986. Resolution-enhanced Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of enzymes. Methods in Enzymology130:290–311.

Thompson, D. V.1956. The materials and techniques of medieval painting.New York: Dover.

Van den Berg, J. D. J., K. J.van den Berg, and J.Boon. 1999. Chemical changes in curing and aging oil paints. ICOM Committee for Conservation preprints, 12th Triennial Meeting, Lyon, ed. J.Bridgland. London: James and James. 1:248–53.

White, W. B.1974. The carbonate minerals. In The infrared spectra of minerals, ed. V. C.Farmer. London: Mineralogical Society. 268.

SOURCES OF MATERIALS

Kremer Pigments Inc. 228 Elizabeth St. New York, N.Y. 10012 (212) 219-2395 kremerinc@aol.com

AUTHOR INFORMATION

SILVIA A. CENTENO received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, in 1994. In 1995, she was awarded an L. W. Frohlich Fellowship in Conservation at the Sherman Fairchild Center for Objects Conservation, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, to work on the investigation of pre-Columbian metalwork from Peru. From 1997 to 2001 she continued to be involved in various research projects at the museum. In 2001 she was appointed associate research scientist at the Sherman Fairchild Center for Works on Paper and Photograph Conservation and the Sherman Fairchild Paintings Conservation Center. Her principal interests include the technical examination of works of art by nondestructive techniques. Address: Sherman Fairchild Center for Works on Paper and Photograph Conservation, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y. 10028; silvia.centeno@metmuseum.org

MARCELO I. GUZMAN received an M.S. degree from Facultad de Qu�mica, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Argentina, in 2001. In 2002, he was awarded an A.W. Mellon Fellowship to work in the Sherman Fairchild Center for Works on Paper and Photograph Conservation, Metropolitan Museum of Art, on the investigation of the interaction of lead white with binding media frequently used in medieval illuminated manuscripts. He is currently a Ph.D. student at the Environmental Sciences and Engineering Department, CalTech. Address: 7 Keck Laboratory, M/C 138–78, Pasadena, Calif. 91125; mig@its.caltech.edu

AKIKO YAMAZAKI-KLEPS earned a master of art in conservation from Camberwell College of Arts (1995). She has held internships at the National Diet Library, Japan, the Ashmolean Museum, and the Bodleian Library, Oxford. In 1994, she was the Andrew W. Mellon Fellow in Paper Conservation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Since 1996 Yamazaki-Kleps has been paper conservator at the Sherman Fairchild Center for Works on Paper and Photograph Conservation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where her responsibilities include addressing media problems on works on paper, parchment, and papyrus. In 1999, she began initial investigations into media problems of lead white paints in aqueous binders, in collaboration with Dr. Masanori Sato, conservation scientist in charge, Nara National Cultural Properties Research Institute, Japan. Her research efforts continue to focus on physical and chemical characteristics of media, binders, and supports, scientific analysis of deterioration mechanisms, and testing of consolidants and treatment methods. Address as for Centeno; akiko.yamazaki-kleps@metmuseum.org

CARLOS O. DELLA V�DOVA received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, in 1983 and his doctor rerum naturalium from Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany. He is the author of approximately 150 publications in peer review journals as well as books. He is currently a researcher at the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research in Argentina, Centro CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), chemistry professor at the Universidad Nacional de la Plata in Argentina, director of the Laboratory for Liaison with the Industry and the Scientific System (LaSeISiC, CICUNLP-CONICET), Argentina, and director in Argentina of the Regional Program for Chemistry of the DAAD-Germany (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst). His main interests are the study of small covalent molecules and their spectroscopical and physicochemical properties. Address: Departamento de Qu�mica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 esq. 115, (1900) La Plata, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Rep�blica Argentina; carlosdv@quimica.unlp.edu.ar