REFERENCES

Baas-Becking, G. M., and D.Moore. 1961. Biogenic sulfides. Economic Geology56:259–72.

Banister, F. A.1952. An unusual synthesis of acanthite crystals. Paper presented at the meeting of the Mineralogical Society of London. Documented in the Ford-Fleischer files of the U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va.

Barton, M. D.1980. The Ag-Au-S system. Economic Geology75:303–16.

Bauer, R.1988. Sulfide corrosion of silver contacts during satellite storage. U. S. Air Force Report SD-TR-88-53/AD-1196 217.

Berner, R. A.1969. The synthesis of framboidal pyrite. Economic Geology64:383–84.

Biestek, T., and M.Drys. 1987. Corrosion products forming on silver in various corrosive environments. Powlocki Ochronne (Warsaw) 9:2–5.

Birss, V. I., and G. A.Wright. 1981. The potentiodynamic formation and reduction of a silver sulfide monolayer on a silver electrode in aqueous sulfide solutions. Electrochimica Acta27:1–7.

Blunn, G.1986. Biological fouling of copper and copper alloys. Biodeterioration6:567–75.

Brooks, R. R., B. J.Presley, and I. R.Kaplan. 1968. Trace elements in the interstitial waters of marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta32:397–414.

Buchwald, V. F.1977. The mineralogy of iron meteorites. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London). A286:453–91.

Campbell, G. D., F. J.Lincoln, G. P.Power, and I. M.Ritchie. 1982. The anodic oxidation of silver in sulfide solutions. Australian Journal of Chemistry35:1079–85.

Costerton, J. W., and G. G.Geesey. 1986. The microbial ecology of surface colonization and of consequent corrosion. In Biologically induced corrosion, ed.S. C.Dexter. Houston, Tex.: National Association of Corrosion Engineers International. 223–32.

Craig, J. R., and S. D.Scott. 1976. Sulfide phase equilibria. In Sulfide mineralogy, ed.P. H.Ribbe. Washington, D. C.: Mineralogical Society of America. CS58–CS75.

Crerar, D. A., and H. L.Barnes. 1976. Ore solution chemistry, part 5. Economic Geology71:772–94.

Cuthbert, M.1962. Formation of bornite at atmospheric temperature and pressure. Economic Geology57:38–41.

Daubree, G. A.1862. Contemporary formation of copper pyrite by the action of hot springs at Bagnes-de-Bigorre. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France19:529–32.

Davies-Colley, R. J., P. O.Nelson, and K. J.Williamson. 1985. Sulfide control of cadmium and copper concentrations in anaerobic esturine sediments. Marine Chemistry16:173–86.

deGouvernain, M.1875. Sulfiding of copper and iron by a prolonge stay in the thermal spring at Bourbon l'Archambault. Comptes Rendus80:1297–1300.

Djurle, S.1958. An x-ray study of the system Ag-Cu-S. Acta Chem. Scandinavica12:1427–36.

Daucan, S. J., and H.Ganiaris. 1987. Some sulphide corrosion products on copper alloys and lead alloys from London waterfront sites. In Recent advances in the conservation and analysis of artifacts, ed.E. J.Black. London: Summer Schools Press, University of London. 109–18.

Evans, H. T.1979. The crystal structures of low chalcocite and djurleite. Zeitschrift f�r Kristallographie150:299–320.

Garrels, R. M., and J. C.Christ. 1965. Solutions, minerals, and equilibria. San Francisco: Freeman Cooper.

Genin, J-M. R., A. A.Olowe, Ph.Refait, and L.Simon. 1996. On the stoichiometry and Pourbaix diagram of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxy-sulphate or sulphate-containing green rust 2. Corrosion Science38:1751–62.

Gettens, R. J.1963. The corrosion products of metal antiquities. In Annual report to the Trustees of the Smithsonian Institution for 1963. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office. 547–68.

Goldschmidt, J.. 1953. A simplexity principle. Journal of Geology61:539–51.

Gudas, J. P., and H. P.Hack. 1979. Sulfide-induced corrosion of copper-nickel alloys. Corrosion35:67–73.

Hack, H. P., H.Shih, and H. W.Pickering, 1986. Role of the corrosion product film in the corrosion protection of Cu-Ni alloys in seawater. In Surfaces, inhibition, and passivationed.E.McCafferty and R. J.Broadd. Pennington, N. J.: Electrochemical Society. 355–67.

Heimann, R. B.1989. Assessing the technology of ancient pottery: The use of ceramic phase diagrams. Archaeomaterials31:123–48.

Jambor, J. L.J. E.Dutrizac, A. C.Roberts, J. D.Grich, and J. T.Szymanski. 1996. Clinoatacamite, a new polymorph of Cu2(OH)3Cl, and its relationship to paratacamite and “anarakite.”Canadian Mineralogist34:61–72.

Kato, C., and H. W.Pickering, 1984. A rotating disk study of the corrosion behavior of Cu-9.4Ni-1.7Fe alloy in air-saturated aqueous NaCl solution. Journal of the Electrochemical Society131:1219–24.

King, F., D.LeNeveu, S.Ryan, and C.Litke, 1992. Predicting the long-term corrosion behaviour of copper nuclear fuel waste containers. In Life prediction of corroding structures, ed.R. N.Parkins. Houston, Tex.: National Association of Corrosion Engineers. 497–512.

Kostov, I., and J.Minceva-Stefanova. 1981. Sulphide minerals. Sofia, Bulgaria: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

Kracek, F. C.1946. Phase relations in the system silver-sulfur and the transitions in silver sulfide. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union27:367–74.

Lichtner, P. C., and M. S.Seth, 1996. User's manual for multiflo, parts 1 and 2. Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses Report96–010.

Little, B. J., P. A.Wagner, W. G.Characklis, and W.Lee. 1990. Microbial corrosion. In Biofilms, ed.W. G.Characklis and K. C.Marshall. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 635–70.

Little, B., P.Wagner, and J.Jacobus. 1988. The impact of sulfate-reducing bacteria on welded copper-nickel seawater piping systems. Materials Performance27(8):57–61.

Little, B., P.Wagner, J.Jacobus, and L.Janus. 1989. Evaluation of microbiologically induced corrosion in an estuary. Estuaries12(3):138–41.

Livingston, R. A.1991. Influence of the environment on the Statue of Liberty. Environmental Science and Technology25:1400–08.

Lucey, V. F.1967. Mechanism of pitting corrosion of copper in supply waters. British Corrosion Journal2:175–85.

Macdonald, D. D., B. C.Syrett, and S. S.Wing. 1979. Corrosion of Cu-Ni alloys 706 and 715 in flowing sea water. Part 2, Effect of dissolved sulfide. Corrosion35:367–78.

MacLeod, I. D., and C.Kenna. 1990. Degradation of archaeological timbers by pyrite: Oxidation of iron and sulphur species. Proceedings of the 4th ICOM-Group on Wet Archaeological Materials Conference, ed.PerHoffmann. Bremerhaven: Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum. 133–41.

McNeil, M. B., J.Jones, and B. J.Little. 1991. Mineralogical fingerprints for corrosion processes induced by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Paper delivered at National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Corrosion/91, Houston, Tex.

McNeil, M. B., and B. J.Little. 1990. Mackinawite formation during microbial corrosion. Corrosion46:599–600.

McNeil, M. B., and B. J.Little. 1992. Corrosion mechanisms for copper and silver objects in near-surface environments. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation31:355–66.

McNeil, M. B., and D. W.Mohr. 1992. Interpretation of bronze disease and related copper corrosion mechanisms in terms of log activity diagrams. In Materials problems in art and archaeology, vol. 2, ed.D. A.Scott. Pittsburgh: Materials Research Society. 1055–63.

McNeil, M. B., and D. W.Mohr. 1993. Formation of copper-iron sulfide minerals during corrosion of artifacts and implications for pseudogilding. Geoarchaeology8(1):23–33.

Mond, L., and G.Cuboni. 1893. On the nature of antique bronze patina. Atti reale Accademia dei Lincei serie52:498–499.

Mor, E. D., and A. M.Beccaria. 1975. Behaviour of copper in artificial seawater containing sulphides. British Corrosion Journal10:33–38.

North, N. A., and I. D.MacLeod. 1986. Corrosion of metals. In Conservation of archaeological objects, ed.C.Pearson. London: Butterworths. 69–98.

North, R. F., and M. J.Pryor. 1970. The influence of corrosion product structure on the corrosion rate of Cu-Ni alloys. Corrosion Science10:297–311.

Ostwald, W.1906. Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie. 2d ed.Leipzig: W. Engelmann.

Pfennig, N., F.Widdel, and H. G.Truper. 1981. The dissimulatory sulfate-reducing bacteria. In The prokaryotes: A handbook on habitats, ed.M. P.Starr et al. New York: Springer-Verlag. 926–40.

Pollard, A. M., R. G.Thomas, and P. A.Williams. 1989. Synthesis and stabilities of basic copper. Part 2, Chlorides atacamite, paratacamite, and botallackite. Mineralogical Magazine53:557–63.

Postgate, J. R.1979. The sulphate-reducing bacteria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pourbaix, M.1966. Atlas of electrochemical equilibria in aqueous solutions. Houston, Tex.: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.

Putnis, A.1977. Electron diffraction study of phase transformations in copper sulfides. American Mineralogist62:107–14.

Romanoff, M.1957. Underground corrosion. National Bureau of Standards Circular 579. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Rose, A. W.1969. Mobility of copper and other heavy metals in sedimentary environments. In Sediment hosted copper deposits, ed.R. W.Boyle, A. C.Brown, W.Jefferson, E. C.Jowett, and R. V.Kirkham, Geological Association of Canada special paper 36. Montreal: Geological Association of Canada.

Roseboom, E. H.1966. An investigation of the system Cu-S and some natural copper sulfides between 25 degrees and 700 degrees. Economic Geology61:641–72.

Rowlands, J. C.1965. Corrosion of tube and pipe alloys due to polluted seawater. Journal of Applied Chemistry15:57–63.

Roy, R., A. J.Majumdar, and C. W.Hulbe. 1959. The Ag2S and Ag2Se transitions as geologic thermometers. Economic Geology54:1278–80.

Scott, D. A.1990. Bronze disease: A review of some chemical problems and the role of relative humidity. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation29:193–206.

Shcherbina, V. V.1978. The geochemistry of monovalent sulfides. Geokhimiya10:1444–51.

Sinclair, J. D.1982. The tarnishing of silver by organic sulfur vapors. Journal of the Electrochemical Society129:33–40.

Staffeldt, E. E., and D. A.Kohler. 1973. Assessment of corrosion products removed from “La Fortuna,” Punta del Mar. Venice: Petrolia e Ambiente. 163–70.

Syrett, B. C.1977. Accelerated corrosion of copper in flowing pure water contaminated with oxygen and sulfide. Corrosion33:257–62.

Syrett, B. C.1980. The mechanism of accelerated corrosion of copper-nickel alloys in sulfide polluted seawater. Paper presented at National Association of Corrosion Engineers International Corrosion/80, Houston, Tex.

Syrett, B. C.1981. The mechanism of accelerated corrosion of copper-nickel alloys in sulphide-polluted seawater. Corrosion Science21:187–209.

Tribe, A.1998. Conservation report. In P. Clarke, The Roman watermills and settlement at Ickham, near Canterbury, Kent. Canterbury Archaeological Trust Occasional Paper. Canterbury: Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

Trudinger, P. A., and D. J.Swaine. 1979. Biogeochemical cycling of mineral-forming elements. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Volpe, L., and P. J.Peterson. 1989. The atmospheric sulfidation of copper in a tubular corrosion reactor. Corrosion Science29:1179–86.

Wagman, D. D., W. H.Evans, V. B.Parker, R. H.Schumm, I.Halow, S. M.Bailey, K. L.Churney, and R. L.Nuttall1982. The NBS tables of chemical thermodynamic properties: Selected values for inorganic and C1 and C2 organic substances in SI units. Journal of Physics and Chemistry Reference Data11 (suppl. 2).

Walton, J., and M. B.McNeil. 1994. Coupled mass-transport and chemical-equilibrium modelling of bronze disease. In High level radioactive waste management. LaGrange Park, Ill.: American Nuclear Society. 1014–19.

Wikjord, A. G., T. E.Rummery, F. E.Doern, and D. G.Owen. 1980. Corrosion and deposition during the exposure of carbon steel to hydrogen sulfide water solutions. Corrosion Science20:651–71.

FURTHER READING

Geilmann, W.1956. Leaching of bronzes in sand deposits. Angewandte Chemie68:201–11.

Gounot, A. M.1994. Microbial oxidation and reduction of manganese: Consequences in groundwater and applications. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Reviews14:339–50.

AUTHOR INFORMATION

MICHAEL MCNEIL took B.A. and M.A. degrees from Rice University in chemistry and a Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from the University of Missouri at Rolla. He did research in materials science at the Universities of Birmingham and Bristol (U.K.), Iowa State University, and Mississippi State University before joining the U.S. Civil Service as a materials scientist. His primary activities in recent years have been microbiological corrosion, particularly of submerged and buried objects, and grain boundary effects on metal degradation. At present he is employed in the Office of Research of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Dr. McNeil is also adjunct professor of materials science at the University of Toronto.

BRENDA J. LITTLE, senior scientist for Marine Molecular Processes at the Naval Research Laboratory, has a Ph.D. from Tulane University in chemistry and a B.S. from Baylor University in biology and chemistry. Dr. Little has adjunct faculty positions at Montana State University and the University of Southern Mississippi. She is a member of the American Chemical Society, and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International), Sigma Xi, and the Mississippi Academy of Sciences. She serves on the editorial board for Biofouling, a journal dealing with bioadhesion and biofilm research. She is the author of one book, 15 book chapters, and more than 80 peerreviewed journal articles.